Thrombositosis sebagai Prediktor Kanker pada Keganasan Ginekologi: a Narrative Review
Keywords:
Keganasan Ginekologi, Trombositosis
Abstract
Thrombositosis, peningkatan jumlah trombosit dalam darah, telah dikaitkan dengan kanker pada keganasan ginekologi. Trombositosis dapat dipicu oleh pelepasan sitokin oleh tumor ganas, seperti IL-6. Trombositosis berperan dalam perkembangan kanker melalui perlindungan terhadap sel tumor, produksi faktor pertumbuhan, dan angiogenesis. Tinjauan literatur ini mengumpulkan dan menganalisis penelitian terkait trombositosis sebagai prediktor kanker pada keganasan ginekologi. Pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang hubungan ini dapat membantu pengembangan metode deteksi dini dan terapi yang lebih efektif untuk kanker pada keganasan ginekologi.
References
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2. Manenti L, Paganoni P, Floriani I, Landoni F, Torri V, Buda A, et al. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in the plasma of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Ca. 2003;39(13):1948-56.
3. Gupta GP, Massagué J. Platelets and metastasis revisited: a novel fatty link. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(12):1691.
4. Burstein SA, Harker LA. Control of platelet production. Clin Haematol 1983;12:3‐22.
5. Qian S, Fu F, Li W, Chen Q, de Sauvage FJ. Primary role of the liver in thrombopoietin production shown by tissue‐specific knockout. Blood 1998;92:2189‐91.
6. Kaushansky K. The molecular mechanisms that control thrombopoiesis. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3339–3347.
7. Kaushansky K. Determinants of platelet number and regulation of thrombopoiesis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;2009:147–152.
8. Gücer F, Tamussino K, Keil F, Balkanli-Kaplan P, Yüce MA. Thrombocytosis in gynecologic malignancies. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(3b):2053-2059.
9. Espanol I, Hernandez A, Cortes M, Mateo J and Pujol-Moix N: Patients with thrombocytosis have normal or slightly elevated thrombopoietin levels. Haematologica 84: 312-316, 1999.
10. Corbet G and Perry DJ: Significance of thrombocytosis. Lancet I: 77, 1983.
11. von Knorring J, Selroos O and Scheinin TM: Haematologic findings in patients with renal carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 15: 279-83, 1981.
12. Dutcher JA: Hematologic abnormalities in patients with nonhematologic malignancies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am I: 281-99, 1987.
13. Edwards RL, Rickles FR, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, Zacharski LR, Forman WB, Cornell CJ, Forcier RJ, O’Donnel JF and Headley E: Abnormalities of blood coagulation tests in patients with cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 88: 596-602, 1988.
14. Gastl G, Plante M, Finstad CL, Wong GY, Federici MG, Bander NH and Rubin SC: High IL-6 levels in ascitic fluid correlate with reactive thrombocytosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Haematol 83: 433-41, 1993.
15. Obata NH, Tamakoshi K, Shibata K, Kikkawa F and Tomoda Y: Effects of interleukin-6 on in vitro cell attachment, migration and invasion of human ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res 17: 337-342, 1997.
16. Erroi A, Sironi M, Chiaffarino F, Zhen-Guo, Mengozzi M and Mantovani A: IL-1 and IL-6 release by tumor-associated macrophages from human ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 44: 795-801, 1989.
17. Estrov Z, Talpaz M, Mavligit G, Pazdur D, Harris D, Greenberg SM and Kurzrock R: Elevated plasma thrombopoietic activity in patients with metastatic cancer related thrombocytosis. Am J Med 98: 551-8, 1995.
18. Dan K, Gomi S, Inokuchi K, Ogata K, Yamada T, Ohki I, Hasegawa S and Nomura T: Effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor on megakaryocytopoiesis: mechanism of reactive thrombocytosis. Acta Haematol 93: 67-72, 1995.
19. Salgado R, Vermeulen PB, Benoy I, Weytjens R, Huget P, Van Marck E and Dirix LY: Platelet number and interleukin -6 correlate with VEGF but not with bFGF serum levels of advanced cancer patients. Br J Cancer 80: 892-7, 1999.
20. Imai T, Koike K, Kubo T, Kikuchi T, Amano Y, Okumuro N and Nakahata T: Interleukin-6 supports human megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Blood 78: 1969-74, 1991.
21. Ishibashi T, Kimura H, Shikama Y, Uchida T, Kariyone S, Hirano T, Kishimoto T et al: Interleukin-6 is a potent thrombopoietic factor in vivo in mice. Blood 74: 1241-44, 1989.
22. Watson JM, Sensintaffar JL, Berek JS and Martinez-Maza O: Constitutive production of interleukin 6 by ovarian cancer cell lines and by primary ovarian tumor cell cultures. Cancer Res 50: 6959-65, 1990.
23. Serve H, Steinhauser G, Oberberg D, Flegel WA, Northoff H and Berdel WE: Studies on the interactions between interleukin-6 and human malignant nonhematopoietic cell lines. Cancer Res 51: 3862-6, 1991.
24. Guillame T, Sekhavat M, Rubinstein DB, Hamdan O and Symann ML: Transcription of genes encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3 and interleukin 6 receptors and lack of proliferative response to exogenous cytokines in nonhematopoietic human malignant cell lines. Cancer Res 53: 3139-44, 1993.
25. Van der Zee AGJ, De Cuyper EMJ, Limburg PC, De Bruijn HWA, Hollema H, Bijzet J, Krans M and De Vires EGE: Higher levels of interleukin-6 in cystic fluids from patients with malignant versus benign ovarian tumors correlate with decreased hemoglobin levels and increased platelet counts. Cancer 75: 1004-9, 1995.
26. Van Gameren MM, Willemse PHB; Mulder NH, Limburg PC, Groen HJM, Vellenga E et al: Effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 in cancer patients; a phase I-II study. Blood 84: 1434-41, 1994.
27. D’Hondt V, Humblet Y, Guillame T, Baatout S, Chatelain C and Berliere M: Thrompopoietic effects and toxicity of interleukin -6 in patients with ovarian cancer before and after chemotherapy: a multicenter placebo-controlled randomized phase Ib study. Blood 85: 2347-53, 1995.
28. Weber J, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DS, Ettinghausen SE, Gunn H et al: Phase I trial of subcutaneous interleukin-6 in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 11: 499-504, 1993.
29. Eustace D, Han X, Gooding R, Rowbottom A, Riches P and Heyderman E: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) functions as an autocrine growth factor in cervical carcinomas in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 50: 15-9, 1993.
30. Iglesias M, Plowman GD and Woodworth CD: Interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 soluble receptor regulate proliferation of normal, human papillomavirus-immortalized and carcinoma- derived cervical cells in vitro. Am J Pathol 146: 944-52, 1995.
31. Castrilli G, Tatone D, Diodoro MG, Rosini S, Piantelli M and Musiani P: Interleukin 1alpha and interleukin 6 promote the in vitro growth of both normal and neoplastic human cervical epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 75: 855-9, 1997.
32. Facchini V and Bianchi R: Serum interleukin-6 levels in uterine malignancies. Preliminary data. Anticancer Res 14: 735-7, 1994.
33. Chopra V, Dinh TV and Hannigan EV: Circulating serum levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors in patients with cervical cancer. Cancer Invest 16: 152-9, 1998.
34. Tjong MY, Van der Vange N, ten Kate FJ, Tjong-A-Hung SP, ter Schegget J, Burger MP and Out TA: Increased IL-6 and IL- 8 levels in cervicovaginal secretions of patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 73: 285-91, 1999.
35. Chopra V, Dinh TV and Hannigan EV: Serum levels of interleukins, growth factors and angiogenin in patients with endometrial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123: 167-172, 1997.
36. Scambia G, Testa U, Panici PB, Martucci R, Foti E, Petrini M, Amoroso M, Mascuillo V, Peschle G and Mancuso S: Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with gynecological tumors. Int J Cancer 57: 318-23, 1994.
37. Sowade O, Ziemer S, Sowade B, Franke W, Messinger D, Ziebell E, Scigalla P and Warnke H: The effect of preoperative recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on platelets and hemostasis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Lab Clin Med 129: 376-83, 1997.
38. Biesma DH, Marx JJ, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Franke W, Messinger D and van de Wiel A: Lower homologous blood requirement in autologous blood donors after treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Lancet 344: 367-70, 1994.
39. Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, La Jeunesse CM, Flick MJ, Kombrinck KW, et al. Platelets and fibrin (ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell‐mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood 2005;105:178‐85.
40. Battinelli EM, Markens BA, Kulenthirarajan RA, Machlus KR, Flaumenhaft R, Italiano JE Jr. Anticoagulation inhibits tumor cell‐mediated release of platelet angiogenic proteins and diminishes platelet angiogenic response. Blood 2014;123:101‐12.
41. Bambace NM, Holmes CE. The platelet contribution to cancer progression. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:237‐49.
42. Egan K, Crowley D, Smyth P, O’Toole S, Spillane C, Martin C, et al. Platelet adhesion and degranulation induce pro‐survival and pro‐angiogenic signalling in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2011;6:e26125.
43. Mitrugno A, Williams D, Kerrigan SW, Moran N. A novel and essential role for FcγRIIa in cancer cell‐induced platelet activation. Blood 2014;123:249‐60.
44. Sharma D, Brummel‐Ziedins KE, Bouchard BA, Holmes CE. Platelets in tumor progression: A host factor that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014;229:1005‐15.
45. Levin J, Conley CL. Thrombocytosis associated with malignant disease. Arch Intern Med 1964;114:497‐500.
46. Tuszynski GP, Gasic TB, Rothman VL, Knudsen KA, Gasic GJ. Thrombospondin, a potentiator of tumor cell metastasis. Cancer Res 1987;47:4130‐3.
47. Kopp HG, Placke T, Salih HR. Platelet‐derived transforming growth factor‐beta down‐regulates NKG2D thereby inhibiting natural killer cell antitumor reactivity. Cancer Res 2009;69:7775‐83.
48. Hollen CW, Henthorn J, Koziol JA, Burstein SA. Elevated serum interleukin‐6 levels in patients with reactive thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol 1991;79:286‐90.
49. Suppiah R, Shaheen PE, Elson P, Misbah SA, Wood L, Motzer RJ, et al. Thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor for survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2006;107:1793‐800.
50. Möhle R, Green D, Moore MA, Nachman RL, Rafii S. Constitutive production and thrombin‐induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:663‐8.
51. Viñals F, Pouysségur J. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF‐beta1) promotes endothelial cell survival during in vitro angiogenesis via an autocrine mechanism implicating TGF‐alpha signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:7218‐30.
52. Hakverdi AU, Yayla M, Göcmen A, Gül T, Erden AC, Demiroglu S. The clinical significance of preoperative serum CA‐125 levels and thrombocytosis in patients with pelvic mases. Jinekoloji Obstetrik Dergisi 1995;9:205‐9.
53. Zeimet AG, Marth C, Müller‐Holzner E, Daxenbichler G, Dapunt O. Significance of thrombocytosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:549‐54.
54. Crasta JA, Premlatha TS, Krishnan SM, Vallikad E, Rameshkumar K. Significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010;53:54‐6.
55. Cohen JG, Tran AQ, Rimel BJ, Cass I, Walsh CS, Karlan BY, et al. Thrombocytosis at secondary cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer predicts suboptimal resection and poor survival. Gynecol Oncol 2014;132:556‐9.
56. Menczer J, Schejter E, Geva D, Ginath S, Zakut H. Ovarian carcinoma associated thrombocytosis. Correlation with prognostic factors and with survival. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:82‐4.
57. Li AJ, Madden AC, Cass I, Leuchter RS, Lagasse LD, Karlan BY. The prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:211‐4.
58. Gungor T, Kanat‐Pektas M, Sucak A, Mollamahmutoglu L. The role of thrombocytosis in prognostic evaluation of epithelial ovarian tumors. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;279:53‐6.
59. Scholz HS, Petru E, Gücer F, Haas J, Tamussino K, Winter R. Preoperative thrombocytosis is an independent prognostic factor in stage III and IV endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2000;20:3983‐5.
60. Gorelick C, Andikyan V, Mack M, Lee YC, Abulafia O. Prognostic significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma in an inner‐city population. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1384‐9.
61. Gu D, Guo T, Szallasi A. Prognostic significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma: Our experience and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol Trends 2015;1:1.
62. De Jonge ET, Viljoen E, Lindeque BG, Amant F, Nesland JM, Holm R. The prognostic significance of p53, mdm2, c‐erbB‐2, cathepsin D, and thrombocytosis in stage IB cervical cancer treated by primary radical hysterectomy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999;9:198‐205.
63. Lopes A, Daras V, Cross PA, Robertson G, Beynon G, Monaghan JM. Thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor in women with cervical cancer. Cancer 1994;74:90‐2.
64. Kawano M, Mabuchi S, Matsumoto Y, Sasano T, Takahashi R, Kuroda H, et al. Prognostic significance of pretreatment thrombocytosis in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015;25:1656‐62.
65. Ofer L, Giuseppe C, Vasillas D, Brendan SB, Alberto L, John M. Thrombocytosis in women with vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1999;72:82‐6.
66. Hefler L, Mayerhofer K, Leibman B, Obermair A, Reinthaller A, Kainz C, et al. Tumor anemia and thrombocytosis in patients with vulvar cancer. Tumour Biol 2000;21:309‐14.
2. Manenti L, Paganoni P, Floriani I, Landoni F, Torri V, Buda A, et al. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in the plasma of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Ca. 2003;39(13):1948-56.
3. Gupta GP, Massagué J. Platelets and metastasis revisited: a novel fatty link. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(12):1691.
4. Burstein SA, Harker LA. Control of platelet production. Clin Haematol 1983;12:3‐22.
5. Qian S, Fu F, Li W, Chen Q, de Sauvage FJ. Primary role of the liver in thrombopoietin production shown by tissue‐specific knockout. Blood 1998;92:2189‐91.
6. Kaushansky K. The molecular mechanisms that control thrombopoiesis. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3339–3347.
7. Kaushansky K. Determinants of platelet number and regulation of thrombopoiesis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;2009:147–152.
8. Gücer F, Tamussino K, Keil F, Balkanli-Kaplan P, Yüce MA. Thrombocytosis in gynecologic malignancies. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(3b):2053-2059.
9. Espanol I, Hernandez A, Cortes M, Mateo J and Pujol-Moix N: Patients with thrombocytosis have normal or slightly elevated thrombopoietin levels. Haematologica 84: 312-316, 1999.
10. Corbet G and Perry DJ: Significance of thrombocytosis. Lancet I: 77, 1983.
11. von Knorring J, Selroos O and Scheinin TM: Haematologic findings in patients with renal carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 15: 279-83, 1981.
12. Dutcher JA: Hematologic abnormalities in patients with nonhematologic malignancies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am I: 281-99, 1987.
13. Edwards RL, Rickles FR, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, Zacharski LR, Forman WB, Cornell CJ, Forcier RJ, O’Donnel JF and Headley E: Abnormalities of blood coagulation tests in patients with cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 88: 596-602, 1988.
14. Gastl G, Plante M, Finstad CL, Wong GY, Federici MG, Bander NH and Rubin SC: High IL-6 levels in ascitic fluid correlate with reactive thrombocytosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Haematol 83: 433-41, 1993.
15. Obata NH, Tamakoshi K, Shibata K, Kikkawa F and Tomoda Y: Effects of interleukin-6 on in vitro cell attachment, migration and invasion of human ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res 17: 337-342, 1997.
16. Erroi A, Sironi M, Chiaffarino F, Zhen-Guo, Mengozzi M and Mantovani A: IL-1 and IL-6 release by tumor-associated macrophages from human ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 44: 795-801, 1989.
17. Estrov Z, Talpaz M, Mavligit G, Pazdur D, Harris D, Greenberg SM and Kurzrock R: Elevated plasma thrombopoietic activity in patients with metastatic cancer related thrombocytosis. Am J Med 98: 551-8, 1995.
18. Dan K, Gomi S, Inokuchi K, Ogata K, Yamada T, Ohki I, Hasegawa S and Nomura T: Effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor on megakaryocytopoiesis: mechanism of reactive thrombocytosis. Acta Haematol 93: 67-72, 1995.
19. Salgado R, Vermeulen PB, Benoy I, Weytjens R, Huget P, Van Marck E and Dirix LY: Platelet number and interleukin -6 correlate with VEGF but not with bFGF serum levels of advanced cancer patients. Br J Cancer 80: 892-7, 1999.
20. Imai T, Koike K, Kubo T, Kikuchi T, Amano Y, Okumuro N and Nakahata T: Interleukin-6 supports human megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Blood 78: 1969-74, 1991.
21. Ishibashi T, Kimura H, Shikama Y, Uchida T, Kariyone S, Hirano T, Kishimoto T et al: Interleukin-6 is a potent thrombopoietic factor in vivo in mice. Blood 74: 1241-44, 1989.
22. Watson JM, Sensintaffar JL, Berek JS and Martinez-Maza O: Constitutive production of interleukin 6 by ovarian cancer cell lines and by primary ovarian tumor cell cultures. Cancer Res 50: 6959-65, 1990.
23. Serve H, Steinhauser G, Oberberg D, Flegel WA, Northoff H and Berdel WE: Studies on the interactions between interleukin-6 and human malignant nonhematopoietic cell lines. Cancer Res 51: 3862-6, 1991.
24. Guillame T, Sekhavat M, Rubinstein DB, Hamdan O and Symann ML: Transcription of genes encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3 and interleukin 6 receptors and lack of proliferative response to exogenous cytokines in nonhematopoietic human malignant cell lines. Cancer Res 53: 3139-44, 1993.
25. Van der Zee AGJ, De Cuyper EMJ, Limburg PC, De Bruijn HWA, Hollema H, Bijzet J, Krans M and De Vires EGE: Higher levels of interleukin-6 in cystic fluids from patients with malignant versus benign ovarian tumors correlate with decreased hemoglobin levels and increased platelet counts. Cancer 75: 1004-9, 1995.
26. Van Gameren MM, Willemse PHB; Mulder NH, Limburg PC, Groen HJM, Vellenga E et al: Effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 in cancer patients; a phase I-II study. Blood 84: 1434-41, 1994.
27. D’Hondt V, Humblet Y, Guillame T, Baatout S, Chatelain C and Berliere M: Thrompopoietic effects and toxicity of interleukin -6 in patients with ovarian cancer before and after chemotherapy: a multicenter placebo-controlled randomized phase Ib study. Blood 85: 2347-53, 1995.
28. Weber J, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DS, Ettinghausen SE, Gunn H et al: Phase I trial of subcutaneous interleukin-6 in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 11: 499-504, 1993.
29. Eustace D, Han X, Gooding R, Rowbottom A, Riches P and Heyderman E: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) functions as an autocrine growth factor in cervical carcinomas in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 50: 15-9, 1993.
30. Iglesias M, Plowman GD and Woodworth CD: Interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 soluble receptor regulate proliferation of normal, human papillomavirus-immortalized and carcinoma- derived cervical cells in vitro. Am J Pathol 146: 944-52, 1995.
31. Castrilli G, Tatone D, Diodoro MG, Rosini S, Piantelli M and Musiani P: Interleukin 1alpha and interleukin 6 promote the in vitro growth of both normal and neoplastic human cervical epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 75: 855-9, 1997.
32. Facchini V and Bianchi R: Serum interleukin-6 levels in uterine malignancies. Preliminary data. Anticancer Res 14: 735-7, 1994.
33. Chopra V, Dinh TV and Hannigan EV: Circulating serum levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors in patients with cervical cancer. Cancer Invest 16: 152-9, 1998.
34. Tjong MY, Van der Vange N, ten Kate FJ, Tjong-A-Hung SP, ter Schegget J, Burger MP and Out TA: Increased IL-6 and IL- 8 levels in cervicovaginal secretions of patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 73: 285-91, 1999.
35. Chopra V, Dinh TV and Hannigan EV: Serum levels of interleukins, growth factors and angiogenin in patients with endometrial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123: 167-172, 1997.
36. Scambia G, Testa U, Panici PB, Martucci R, Foti E, Petrini M, Amoroso M, Mascuillo V, Peschle G and Mancuso S: Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with gynecological tumors. Int J Cancer 57: 318-23, 1994.
37. Sowade O, Ziemer S, Sowade B, Franke W, Messinger D, Ziebell E, Scigalla P and Warnke H: The effect of preoperative recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on platelets and hemostasis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Lab Clin Med 129: 376-83, 1997.
38. Biesma DH, Marx JJ, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Franke W, Messinger D and van de Wiel A: Lower homologous blood requirement in autologous blood donors after treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Lancet 344: 367-70, 1994.
39. Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, La Jeunesse CM, Flick MJ, Kombrinck KW, et al. Platelets and fibrin (ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell‐mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood 2005;105:178‐85.
40. Battinelli EM, Markens BA, Kulenthirarajan RA, Machlus KR, Flaumenhaft R, Italiano JE Jr. Anticoagulation inhibits tumor cell‐mediated release of platelet angiogenic proteins and diminishes platelet angiogenic response. Blood 2014;123:101‐12.
41. Bambace NM, Holmes CE. The platelet contribution to cancer progression. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:237‐49.
42. Egan K, Crowley D, Smyth P, O’Toole S, Spillane C, Martin C, et al. Platelet adhesion and degranulation induce pro‐survival and pro‐angiogenic signalling in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2011;6:e26125.
43. Mitrugno A, Williams D, Kerrigan SW, Moran N. A novel and essential role for FcγRIIa in cancer cell‐induced platelet activation. Blood 2014;123:249‐60.
44. Sharma D, Brummel‐Ziedins KE, Bouchard BA, Holmes CE. Platelets in tumor progression: A host factor that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014;229:1005‐15.
45. Levin J, Conley CL. Thrombocytosis associated with malignant disease. Arch Intern Med 1964;114:497‐500.
46. Tuszynski GP, Gasic TB, Rothman VL, Knudsen KA, Gasic GJ. Thrombospondin, a potentiator of tumor cell metastasis. Cancer Res 1987;47:4130‐3.
47. Kopp HG, Placke T, Salih HR. Platelet‐derived transforming growth factor‐beta down‐regulates NKG2D thereby inhibiting natural killer cell antitumor reactivity. Cancer Res 2009;69:7775‐83.
48. Hollen CW, Henthorn J, Koziol JA, Burstein SA. Elevated serum interleukin‐6 levels in patients with reactive thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol 1991;79:286‐90.
49. Suppiah R, Shaheen PE, Elson P, Misbah SA, Wood L, Motzer RJ, et al. Thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor for survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2006;107:1793‐800.
50. Möhle R, Green D, Moore MA, Nachman RL, Rafii S. Constitutive production and thrombin‐induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:663‐8.
51. Viñals F, Pouysségur J. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF‐beta1) promotes endothelial cell survival during in vitro angiogenesis via an autocrine mechanism implicating TGF‐alpha signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:7218‐30.
52. Hakverdi AU, Yayla M, Göcmen A, Gül T, Erden AC, Demiroglu S. The clinical significance of preoperative serum CA‐125 levels and thrombocytosis in patients with pelvic mases. Jinekoloji Obstetrik Dergisi 1995;9:205‐9.
53. Zeimet AG, Marth C, Müller‐Holzner E, Daxenbichler G, Dapunt O. Significance of thrombocytosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:549‐54.
54. Crasta JA, Premlatha TS, Krishnan SM, Vallikad E, Rameshkumar K. Significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010;53:54‐6.
55. Cohen JG, Tran AQ, Rimel BJ, Cass I, Walsh CS, Karlan BY, et al. Thrombocytosis at secondary cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer predicts suboptimal resection and poor survival. Gynecol Oncol 2014;132:556‐9.
56. Menczer J, Schejter E, Geva D, Ginath S, Zakut H. Ovarian carcinoma associated thrombocytosis. Correlation with prognostic factors and with survival. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:82‐4.
57. Li AJ, Madden AC, Cass I, Leuchter RS, Lagasse LD, Karlan BY. The prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:211‐4.
58. Gungor T, Kanat‐Pektas M, Sucak A, Mollamahmutoglu L. The role of thrombocytosis in prognostic evaluation of epithelial ovarian tumors. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;279:53‐6.
59. Scholz HS, Petru E, Gücer F, Haas J, Tamussino K, Winter R. Preoperative thrombocytosis is an independent prognostic factor in stage III and IV endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2000;20:3983‐5.
60. Gorelick C, Andikyan V, Mack M, Lee YC, Abulafia O. Prognostic significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma in an inner‐city population. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1384‐9.
61. Gu D, Guo T, Szallasi A. Prognostic significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma: Our experience and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol Trends 2015;1:1.
62. De Jonge ET, Viljoen E, Lindeque BG, Amant F, Nesland JM, Holm R. The prognostic significance of p53, mdm2, c‐erbB‐2, cathepsin D, and thrombocytosis in stage IB cervical cancer treated by primary radical hysterectomy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999;9:198‐205.
63. Lopes A, Daras V, Cross PA, Robertson G, Beynon G, Monaghan JM. Thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor in women with cervical cancer. Cancer 1994;74:90‐2.
64. Kawano M, Mabuchi S, Matsumoto Y, Sasano T, Takahashi R, Kuroda H, et al. Prognostic significance of pretreatment thrombocytosis in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015;25:1656‐62.
65. Ofer L, Giuseppe C, Vasillas D, Brendan SB, Alberto L, John M. Thrombocytosis in women with vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1999;72:82‐6.
66. Hefler L, Mayerhofer K, Leibman B, Obermair A, Reinthaller A, Kainz C, et al. Tumor anemia and thrombocytosis in patients with vulvar cancer. Tumour Biol 2000;21:309‐14.
Published
2023-06-30
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